A brief timeline of the life of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ

570The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ is born in Mecca, his father, Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib passes away before his birth. An Abyssinian ruler tries to destroy the Kaaba in Mecca but his army is defeated by a flock of birds sent by God who vanquish the army by stoning them to death with pebbles.
576The Prophet Muhammad’s ﷺ mother, Amina bint Wahb ibn Abd Manaf al-Zuhriyya passes away; he is taken into the care of his grandfather, Abd al-Muṭṭalib.
578The Prophet Muhammad’s ﷺ grandfather passes away and he is taken into the care of his uncle, Abu Talib.
595Married Khadijah bint Khuwaylid. A wealthy widow who was his senior. She became the mother of all of his children bar one, Ibrahim. 
604A torrent damages the Kaaba and it is rebuilt by the tribe of Quraysh. The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ places the Black Stone back into its place.
610The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ receives the first revelation in the form of true dreams and the first verses of the Quran in a cave on Mount Hira near Mecca.
611The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ begins to pass on the message to close friends and relatives, who accept the message of Islam.
615The leaders of Quraysh show hostility to the message of Islam and torture Muslims. A small group of 15 decide to migrate to Abyssinia.
616The Prophet Muhammad’s ﷺ uncle Hamzah and an enemy of the Muslims named Umar bin al-Khattab both accept Islam. The migrants return from Abyssinia.
617The Quraysh boycott the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ clan unless they hand him over to be killed. This continued for two or three years.
617The Quraysh boycott the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ clan unless they hand him over to be killed. This continued for two or three years.
617A larger group of Muslims (100 plus children) are forced to migrate to Abyssinia. The Christian Negus welcomes them.
619The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ marries Sawdah granting her the protection of his clan and care for his youngest daughters. He also marries A’ishah, the daughter of Abu Bakr.
620The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ attempts to spread the message of Islam to the tribe of Thaqif in Ta’if, 100km southeast of Mecca, he is met with rejection and humiliation.
621The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ presents Islam to some tribes that perform pilgrimage to Mecca.  6 men from Yathrib accept Islam.
62212 men come from Yathrib and pledge allegiance to the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ at Al-Aqabah. The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ sends Mus’ab to teach them.
62375 new converts come from Yathrib and pledge allegiance to the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ.  They agree to give him authority over Yathrib.
623The Muslims in Mecca slowly begin to sneak away to Yathrib and the Quraysh make a plan to assassinate the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ in his sleep.
623The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ flees to Yathrib, his best friend, Abu Bakr, accompanies him on the journey. Yathrib is renamed “Madinah al-Nabi” (The Prophet’s City i.e. Medina).
623The first mosque built by the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ is established in Quba, just outside of Medina. The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ mosque and dwelling are also built.
624The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ makes pacts with the Jewish tribes surrounding Medina. The Muslims attack the trade caravans of Quraysh.
625The Muslims engage in battle with the Quraysh at Badr between Mecca and Medina. The Muslims number around 300 and the Quraysh 1000, yet the Muslims are victorious.
626The Quraysh assemble an army of 1000 in order to take revenge. They clash with the Muslims just outside of Medina and defeat the Muslims.
626The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ daughter, Ruqayyah, dies. Drinking wine is made prohibited. The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ marries Hafsah, the daughter of Umar.
627The Jews of the Nadir tribe conspire to kill the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. They are given 3 days to leave but refuse and are eventually expelled from the outskirts of Medina.
628The Quraysh and some other Arab tribes (encouraged by the Nadir tribe) amass an army of 12,000 to attack the Muslims in Medina. The Muslims build a trench around Medina and are victorious.
628The Jewish Qurayzah tribe who broke their pact and betrayed the Muslims at the Battle of the Trench are besieged until they surrender and are punished.
628Rules of chastity, decency, and modesty are legislated and the pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj) is made obligatory.
6281,400 Muslims head to Mecca to perform minor pilgrimage (umrah) but are barred from entering. They make a 10-year peace treaty with the Quraysh.
628Thanks to the safe passage offered by the treaty, the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ sent letters to various rulers (Ceaser Heraclius, the Abyssinian Negus, the Sasanid Khosrow et.al) inviting them to Islam.
628Muslim women were made prohibited for their non-Muslim husbands. Likewise, non-Muslim women were made prohibited for their Muslim husbands.
629The Battle of Khaybar occurred between the Muslims and some Jewish tribes who had betrayed them at the Battle of the Trench. 15 Muslims were killed and 93 Jews. The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ married Safiyyah, a Jewish convert to Islam.
629The Muslims return from Abyssinia and one of the staunchest enemies of the Muslims, Khalid bin Walid, converts to Islam. 
629A Muslim army of 3,000 head to Mu’tah to pre-empt an attack from the Byzantines. They are met by an army of at least 50,000 and manage to strike fear into them thanks to Khalid’s military genius.
629-630The Quraysh breach the treaty they had with the Muslims and the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ takes a huge army to Mecca and conquers it with virtually zero blood-shed.
630Abu Sufyan, the chief of Quraysh and Prophet Muhammad ﷺ father-in-law, converts to Islam as well as many others. 
630The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ oldest daughter Zaynab died and his son, Ibrahim was born.
631The Byzantium Empire gather large armies in order to attack the Muslims. The Muslims gather all of their resources and an army sets out to Tabuk in the intense heat. When they arrive, the Byzantines had fled.
631The second youngest daughter of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ,  Umm Kulthum, passes away. Numerous large delegations come and convert to Islam.
632The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ performs the major pilgrimage (Hajj) and gives his Final Sermon, approximately 120,00 Muslims are present.
632The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ son, Ibrahim dies. The Negus Armah (who converted to Islam) passed away and the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ prays his funeral prayer with the Muslims in Medina.
632The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ becomes ill. The illness lasts for 11 days before he passes away.
632Leadership of the Muslims is given to Abu Bakr by agreement of the companions.